Grafana可视化仪表板

Grafana简介

Grafana是一个开源的数据可视化和监控平台，支持多种数据源。

安装Grafana

# Docker
docker run -d --name grafana \
    -p 3000:3000 \
    -v grafana_data:/var/lib/grafana \
    -e GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD=admin \
    grafana/grafana

# 默认登录：admin/admin

数据源配置

Prometheus数据源

apiVersion: 1
datasources:
  - name: Prometheus
    type: prometheus
    access: proxy
    url: http://prometheus:9090
    isDefault: true

其他数据源

# InfluxDB
- name: InfluxDB
  type: influxdb
  url: http://influxdb:8086
  database: mydb

# Elasticsearch
- name: Elasticsearch
  type: elasticsearch
  url: http://elasticsearch:9200
  index: logs-*

面板类型

Graph面板

{
  "type": "graph",
  "title": "Request Rate",
  "targets": [
    {
      "expr": "sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) by (method)",
      "legendFormat": "{{method}}"
    }
  ],
  "options": {
    "legend": {
      "show": true
    }
  }
}

Singlestat面板

{
  "type": "singlestat",
  "title": "Current Requests/s",
  "targets": [
    {
      "expr": "sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))"
    }
  ],
  "options": {
    "valueName": "current",
    "format": "short"
  }
}

Table面板

{
  "type": "table",
  "title": "Top Endpoints",
  "targets": [
    {
      "expr": "topk(10, sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) by (endpoint))",
      "format": "table",
      "instant": true
    }
  ]
}

变量和模板

{
  "templating": {
    "list": [
      {
        "name": "instance",
        "type": "query",
        "query": "label_values(http_requests_total, instance)",
        "refresh": 2
      },
      {
        "name": "interval",
        "type": "interval",
        "options": ["1m", "5m", "15m", "1h"],
        "current": {
          "text": "5m",
          "value": "5m"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

实践：创建监控仪表板

系统监控仪表板

{
  "dashboard": {
    "title": "System Monitoring",
    "panels": [
      {
        "title": "CPU Usage",
        "type": "graph",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "100 - (avg by(instance) (irate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"idle\"}[5m])) * 100)",
            "legendFormat": "{{instance}}"
          }
        ],
        "yaxes": [
          {"format": "percent", "max": 100}
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Memory Usage",
        "type": "graph",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "(1 - node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes) * 100",
            "legendFormat": "{{instance}}"
          }
        ],
        "yaxes": [
          {"format": "percent", "max": 100}
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Disk Usage",
        "type": "graph",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "(1 - node_filesystem_avail_bytes{mountpoint=\"/\"} / node_filesystem_size_bytes{mountpoint=\"/\"}) * 100",
            "legendFormat": "{{instance}}"
          }
        ],
        "yaxes": [
          {"format": "percent", "max": 100}
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

应用监控仪表板

{
  "dashboard": {
    "title": "Application Monitoring",
    "panels": [
      {
        "title": "Request Rate",
        "type": "graph",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) by (method, status)"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Response Time",
        "type": "graph",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, endpoint))"
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Error Rate",
        "type": "singlestat",
        "targets": [
          {
            "expr": "sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~'5..'}[5m])) / sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) * 100"
          }
        ],
        "format": "percent"
      }
    ]
  }
}

告警配置

{
  "alert": {
    "name": "High Error Rate",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "type": "query",
        "query": {"params": ["A", "5m", "now"]},
        "reducer": {"type": "avg"},
        "evaluator": {"type": "gt", "params": [5]}
      }
    ],
    "frequency": "1m",
    "notifications": [
      {"type": "email", "addresses": ["admin@example.com"]}
    ]
  }
}

导入仪表板

# 导入JSON
grafana-cli plugins import /path/to/dashboard.json

# 常用仪表板ID
# Node Exporter: 1860
# Docker: 893
# Kubernetes: 315
# MySQL: 7362

总结

Grafana是功能强大的可视化工具。通过创建专业的仪表板，可以直观地监控系统和应用的各项指标。