Spring Boot入门详解

什么是Spring Boot

Spring Boot简化了Spring应用的创建和部署，通过约定优于配置的理念，让开发者快速构建独立运行的应用。

创建Spring Boot项目

使用Spring Initializr

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
         https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>3.2.0</version>
    </parent>

    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>demo</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>demo</name>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

第一个应用

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@SpringBootApplication
@RestController
public class DemoApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
    }

    @GetMapping("/")
    public String hello() {
        return "Hello Spring Boot!";
    }
}

REST控制器

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import java.util.List;

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {
    private final UserService userService;

    public UserController(UserService userService) {
        this.userService = userService;
    }

    @GetMapping
    public List<User> getAllUsers() {
        return userService.findAll();
    }

    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public User getUserById(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return userService.findById(id);
    }

    @PostMapping
    public User createUser(@RequestBody User user) {
        return userService.save(user);
    }

    @PutMapping("/{id}")
    public User updateUser(@PathVariable Long id, @RequestBody User user) {
        return userService.update(id, user);
    }

    @DeleteMapping("/{id}")
    public void deleteUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
        userService.delete(id);
    }
}

配置文件

# application.yml
server:
  port: 8080
  servlet:
    context-path: /api

spring:
  datasource:
    url: jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb
    username: root
    password: 123456
    driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
  jpa:
    hibernate:
      ddl-auto: update
    show-sql: true

logging:
  level:
    com.example: DEBUG

服务层

import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;

@Service
public class UserService {
    private final UserRepository userRepository;

    public UserService(UserRepository userRepository) {
        this.userRepository = userRepository;
    }

    public List<User> findAll() {
        return userRepository.findAll();
    }

    public User findById(Long id) {
        return userRepository.findById(id)
            .orElseThrow(() -> new ResourceNotFoundException("用户不存在"));
    }

    public User save(User user) {
        return userRepository.save(user);
    }

    public User update(Long id, User userDetails) {
        User user = findById(id);
        user.setName(userDetails.getName());
        user.setEmail(userDetails.getEmail());
        return userRepository.save(user);
    }

    public void delete(Long id) {
        userRepository.deleteById(id);
    }
}

数据层

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

@Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
    User findByEmail(String email);
}

实体类

import jakarta.persistence.*;

@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
public class User {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;

    @Column(nullable = false)
    private String name;

    @Column(unique = true)
    private String email;

    public User() {}

    public User(String name, String email) {
        this.name = name;
        this.email = email;
    }

    public Long getId() { return id; }
    public void setId(Long id) { this.id = id; }
    public String getName() { return name; }
    public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
    public String getEmail() { return email; }
    public void setEmail(String email) { this.email = email; }
}

异常处理

import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

@RestControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
    @ExceptionHandler(ResourceNotFoundException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleNotFound(ResourceNotFoundException ex) {
        ErrorResponse error = new ErrorResponse("NOT_FOUND", ex.getMessage());
        return new ResponseEntity<>(error, HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleGeneral(Exception ex) {
        ErrorResponse error = new ErrorResponse("ERROR", ex.getMessage());
        return new ResponseEntity<>(error, HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
    }
}

Spring Boot最佳实践

1. 使用@SpringBootApplication注解简化配置
2. 利用自动配置减少样板代码
3. 使用@ConfigurationProperties绑定配置
4. 利用Spring Boot Actuator监控应用
5. 使用Profile区分环境配置

总结

Spring Boot大大简化了Spring应用的开发和部署。掌握Spring Boot的核心特性，能帮助你快速构建生产级应用。